synonim,antonim

hello readers back again with my blog, so this time will discuss about synonim,antonim and polysemi enjoy ya guys ::)

SYNONYM, ANTONYM

SYNONYMS
Synonyms are different words which have the same meaning, or almost the same meaning.

The words stones and rocks are synonyms.

Synonyms can be nouns, verbs, adverbs or adjectives, as long as both are the same part of speech.

For example:
- chair and seat (nouns)
- go and leave (verbs)
- quickly and rapidly (adverbs)
- long and extended (adjectives)

Synonyms need not be single words, as in war and armed conflict.

Here are more synonyms:

- tremendous and remarkable
- cat and feline
- baby and infant
- sick and ill
- quickly and speedily

A word can have more than one synonym depending on which meaning you use for the word.
For example:
- expired could have the synonym no longer fresh, if you mean milk that's past its sale date.
- expired could have the synonym dead, if you mean no longer alive.
  
ANTONYMS 
Antonyms are words which have opposite meanings.

The words hot and cold are antonyms. So are up and down, and short and tall.

A word can have more than one antonym, depending on which meaning you use for the word.
For example:
- short could have the antonym tall if you are referring to a person's height.
- short could have the antonym long if you are referring to to the length of something.

In many languages, including English, you can sometimes make antonyms by adding a prefix:
- real and unreal are antonyms
- flexible and inflexible are antonyms
However, English is well known for its exceptions to the rules, so you have to watch out for words like flammable and inflammable, where this doesn't work ... they're synonyms!

There are actually four types of antonyms:

• Gradable antonyms are opposites at either end of the spectrum, as in slow and fast.
• Complementary antonyms are absolute opposites, like mortal and immortal.
• Relational antonyms are opposites where one word describes a relationship between two objects, and the other word describes the same relationship when the two objects are reversed.
     For example, parent and child, teacher and student, or buy and sell.
• Auto-antonyms are the same two words that mean the opposite.
     For example, fast (moving quickly) and fast (stuck in place).

simile

Hello guys how are you?, oke for this time i will share for you about simile so enjoy read my topic :)

         SIMILE
A simile is a figure of speech consisting of a comparison using like or as. Well-chosen similes can be used to enliven writing or as an alternative to description using adjectives.


EXAMPLES:

He was as brave as a lion in a fight.
He swam like a fish through rough waters.

 

  Note that with the AS...AS pattern, the first AS is sometimes suppressed, for example:

•     His skin was cold as ice.

The above patterns of simile are the most common, but there are others made with adverbs or words such as than and as if, for example:

•     He ran as fast as the wind.
•     He is larger than life.
•     They ran as if for their lives.

Similes can include other figures of speech. For example, "He ran like greased lightning" is a simile that includes hyperbol (greased lightning).

Similes often make use of irony or sarcasm. In such cases they may even mean the opposite of the adjective used. Look at these examples:

• His explanation was as clear as mud. (not clear at all since mud is opaque)
• The film was about as interesting as watching a copy of Windows download. (long and boring)
• Watching the show was like watching paint dry. (very boring)

Similes are often found (and they sometimes originate) in poetry and other literature. Here are a few examples:

• A woman without a man is like a fish without a bicycle - Irina Dunn
• Dawn breaks open like a wound that bleeds afresh - Wilfred Owen
• Death has many times invited me: it was like the salt invisible in the waves - Pablo Neruda
• Guiltless forever, like a tree - Robert Browning
• Happy as pigs in mud - David Eddings
• How like the winter hath my absence been - William Shakespeare
• As idle as a painted ship upon a painted ocean - Samuel Taylor Coleridge
• Jubilant as a flag unfurled - Dorothy Parker
• So are you to my thoughts as food to life - William Shakespeare
• Yellow butterflies flickered along the shade like flecks of sun - William Faulkner

Popular songs, too, make use of simile:

• A woman needs a man like a fish needs a bicycle - U2
• Cheaper than a hot dog with no mustard - Beastie Boys
• I must do what's right, as sure as Kilimanjaro rises like Olympus above the Serengeti - Toto
• It's been a hard day's night, and I've been working like a dog - The Beatles
• Like A Rolling Stone - Bob Dylan
• Like a bat outta [out of] hell - Meat Loaf
• My heart is like an open highway - Jon Bon Jovi
• These are the seasons of emotion and like the winds they rise and fall - Led Zeppelin
• Thick as a Brick - Jethro Tull   

methaphor

Metaphor

hello guys back again in my blog.for this time iwill explain about metaphor lets see!

Definition of Metaphor

A metaphor is a rhetorical figure of speech that compares two subjects without the use of “like” or “as.” Metaphor is often confused with simile, which compares two subjects by connecting them with “like” or “as” (for example: “She’s fit as a fiddle”). While a simile states that one thing is like another, a metaphor asserts that one thing is the other, or is a substitute for theA metaphor asserts a correlation or resemblance between two things that are otherwise unrelated. The English word “metaphor” originates from the Greek metaphorá, which means “to transfer” or “to carry over.” Indeed, a metaphor transfers meaning from one subject on to another so that the target subject can be understood in a new way.
Rhetoricians have further elaborated on the definition of metaphor by separating and naming the two key elements. There are a few different sets of names for these two parts: they can be called the “tenor” and the “vehicle”, the “ground” and the “figure”, or the “target” and the “source”. Consider this famous example of a metaphor from Shakespeare’s “As You Like It”:

All the world’s a stage,
And all the men and women merely players.

In this example, the world is the primary subject, and it gains attributes from the stage (ie, from theater). Thus, in the binary pairs, the world is the “tenor,” the “ground,” and the “target,” while the stage is the “vehicle,” the “figure,” and the “source.”

Difference between Metaphor and Simile, and Other Types of Analogies

Metaphor is a type of analogy, which is a class of rhetorical figures of speech that creates comparisons between different objects. Other examples of analogies are similes, allegories, hyperboles, and puns. Here are the key differences between these different terms:

• Simile: As stated above, a simile posits a likeness or similarity between two things by connecting them with “like” or “as.” Since a metaphor asserts that one thing is, in fact, identical to another it is often considered a stronger form of analogy than a simile. For example, stating, “Frank is a pig” is a stronger statement of disgust than “Frank is like a pig.”
• Allegory: An allegory is a complete story that uses an extended metaphor throughout the entire story to illustrate complex ideas in a comprehensible way. George Orwell’s novel Animal Farm is an allegory that uses the extended metaphor of animals starting a revolution on their farm to characterize the figures of the Russian Revolution.
• Hyperbole: Hyperbole compares or describes things in an exaggerated way for the sake of emphasis. It is common, for example, to pronounce, “I’m starving” when one is merely hungry or “I’m freezing” when one is quite cold. The state of starvation is much more dire than mere hunger, and so we say we are starving to emphasize the need for food.
• Pun: Like metaphor, a pun uses comparison to create cognitive links between two things. The difference between the two terms is that a pun does so for comedic effect. For example: “I’m glad I know sign language, it’s pretty handy.” In this pun, the word “handy” refers both to the usefulness of sign language and also to the fact that sign language relies on the speakers’ hands.

Examples of Metaphor from Common Speech

Many common sayings are metaphors. Here are just a few examples:

• Don’t put all your eggs in one basket.
• It was raining cats and dogs.
• Never look a gift horse in the mouth.
• People who live in glass houses should not throw stones.
• A watched pot never boils.

♦

♦

♦

Significance of Metaphor in Literature

Metaphor is a key component of all forms of literature, including poetry, prose, and drama. This is not only because metaphor is a highly useful literary device, but also because it is such a vital part of all language and communication. Many cognitive theorists have researched and written about the importance of metaphor in the way we understand the world around us. For example, in western culture the phrase “time is money” is quite prevalent. This is not just a cliché, though; we talk about time in terms of wasting it, spending it, saving it, and so on. The metaphorical comparison of these two concepts ends up influencing the way people in cultures actually perceive time.

Example

I saw the best minds of my generation destroyed by madness,
starving hysterical naked…
…who disappeared into the volcanoes of Mexico leaving behind
nothing but the shadow of dungarees and the lava and ash of
poetry scattered in fireplace Chicago.

(“Howl” by Allen Ginsberg)
Allen Ginsberg’s 1955 poem “Howl” contains hallucinatory images and wild descriptions. In this particularly vivid excerpt, Ginsberg slides from the imagery of Mexican volcanoes to the “lava and ash of poetry” left behind in fireplaces. The unexpected juxtaposition of these two images is a good example of how metaphor can work to broaden a reader’s conceptual base for a concept, in this case about poetry.

 references http://www.literarydevices.com/metaphor/

video ambiguity part 2